While the headlines might focus on Ebola or yellow fever, Africa is slowly winning the fight against infectious diseases. They will remain a challenge for decades to come, but the real threat of the future is expected to come from elsewhere: non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Soon, NCDs are likely to be killing more Africans than infectious diseases like HIV, TB and malaria. In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2030, the toll of NCDs will equal the toll of communicable diseases, maternal and newborn death, and malnutrition combined.
According to WHO, urbanization, adoption of unhealthy lifestyles and greater prosperity will be the major drivers of this new epidemic. And more than 2 billion people still lack access to essential medicines.
Many African governments recognize the threat and are doing much to combat the rise in NCDs by educating the public about the risks of poor diet, physical inactivity, drinking excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption. But while prevention is critical, the World Bank has stated that care and treatment of NCDs will inevitably become a much bigger part of African healthcare expenditure.
We must find creative new ways to tackle these health challenges, which will call for us to pool resources and expertise from all those involved in the delivery of healthcare. I believe companies share the responsibility for being part of the solution, but they also need support from governments, civil society and other organizations to ensure the greatest impact.
That said, there are already several models pharmaceutical companies can pursue in order to help Africa fight the NCD threat, all with their own strengths and weaknesses.
1. Drug donation programmes.
Drug donation programmes have been very successful in fighting some diseases such as leprosy. Such philanthropic programmes work best when seeking to eradicate (or near-eradicate) a particular disease, but it’s not generally a model that works with most NCDs. It also makes countries dependent on priorities established by donors, and therefore makes it difficult for them to secure adequate national funding for health services.
2. Licensing treatments to low-cost producers
This model has been used heavily in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, and has been proposed as a potential approach for NCD treatments, sometimes via complex “patent pooling” models.
The main issue is that it can leave supply in the hands of local generics companies, whose prices can fluctuate substantially over short time periods and whose ability to supply vast African markets reliably has been sorely tested over the past decade.
3. Value-based pricing
In the value-based pricing model, health systems pay for treatment according to their ability to reduce healthcare system costs or to generate additional prosperity within the wider economy.
It is a good model that I think we will start to see more and more in the age of big data. Today, however, it requires highly sophisticated data collection and analysis – a challenge even for health systems in high-income countries.
4. Tiered pricing
Tiered pricing, where richer countries pay more than poorer ones, has been used successfully for decades, and is increasingly seen as an effective route forward.
In Egypt, for instance, hundreds of thousands of people infected with hepatitis C are being treated with the same medicines used in high-income countries at a fraction of the cost. The main problem is that it requires that upper-middle-income and high-income countries do not free-ride by demanding prices designed for poorer countries.
5. Public-private partnerships
My company, Novartis, isdeveloping a novel approach for lower-income countries. This model uses public-private partnerships to improve the ability of local health systems to diagnose and treat NCDs. At the same time, it provides governments, NGOs and other public-sector customers access to a portfolio of 15 on- and off-patent medicines for the leading NCDs at a price of $1 per treatment per month.
While this model is still in its early days – it has been launched in Kenya, with Ethiopia to follow – the hope is that it can overcome the shortcomings of other approaches by embedding sustainability at its core. The aim is for it to be commercially sustainable over the medium term, enabling continuous support, and the fixed cost means health systems in the 30 lower-income countries where it will eventually be available can plan expenditure more predictably.
Combatting NCDs in Africa requires programmes that address the whole continuum of care, from screening and diagnosis to treatment. Models that might work in high-income countries will not necessarily be sustainable in resource-constrained environments.
Any innovative approach is only as good as its implementation on the ground, and we have yet to see what hurdles this new model will encounter as it is rolled out to more countries. But with all actors – whether from the public or private sector – working together, as they are doing on this programme, we’re confident that Africa will be able to tackle this next health challenge.
This article first appeared on 3blMedia for WEF and is reproduced with permission.
One Response
Thanks for sharing. I found it helpful to see the pros and cons of each option laid out next to each other.